Training for Statesmanship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Preparing for Statesmanship - Essay Example Nonetheless, the base-superstructure boundary of the Marxian statute isn't what precisely Kennan discusses. As he would see it, the American individuals are when all is said in done aware of the need to acknowledge a multicultural situation, without a state community applying power on them to think on terms of the more noteworthy regular great. This inborn accommodative feeling of the American open that prompts progress is the most intriguing point Kennan makes in this section. The speculation that the American slants with respect to national advancement and general harmony can be identified with the idea of the American Dream where each one of the individuals who went to the land and viewed themselves as Americans were eager to move in the direction of the shared objective of building a heaven on the substance of the earth. Notwithstanding, this regular crucial Kennan attempts to discuss had just been tested during the World Wars and the Cold War years, because of the wild components of ethnic assorted variety that made the America that we talk about at this point. Long stretches of lawful and illicit relocation from numerous pieces of the world to the American territory has made numerous social crashes unavoidable. The different ethnic and strict networks that settled in America for different reasons made it difficult to have a common perspective on progress and harmony. The way that America increased tremendous measure of intensity in the worldwide situation through financial advancement has in reality prompted a circumstance where the assessment of Kennan would appear to be a joke. America is currently observed by numerous different countries as applying power even outside its regulatory limits to pick up and support more force. Its impedance in the Palestinian issue and the hostile relations with Iran and other Muslim countries have in reality made America infamous for utilizing its military power for its egotistical increases. Likewise, the American interior issues are additionally much past the extensive and helpful perspectives that Kennan talks

Get More with Organic Food Essay Example for Free

Get More with Organic Food Essay With the developing populace over the globe, innovation has been attempting to intercede to create more nourishment for everybody. The simultaneous food emergency ambushes keeps an eye on staple food source. Various offices have been called to help lighten the issue. Researchers have been pushed to discover a way to help the horticulture of these yields. They use synthetic substances, hormones and other hereditary re-designing to deliver more. Shockingly, this procedure additionally weakens what one can get in expending food. The healthy benefit is then corrupted to none. In such manner, this article stand firm in the idea that natural food will convey a greater number of advantages than non-natural food. There are positive purposes for this case. To assert the case, the advantages of the two classifications will be spread out. By using this procedure, one will have the option to have an informed position with respect to the discussion. The basic inquiry depends on whether nations will pick the study of value or amount. Natural Food Organic food is characterized by the procedure by which it is delivered. This procedure utilizes the characteristic methods for developing produce. Common manures and conventional methods for developing them are polished. They don't utilize present day innovation to harvest these produce. This sort of food doesn't experience any kind of safeguarding procedure to drag out its time span of usability. This, obviously, requires a ton of points of interest. These are (1) the dietary benefits of the food are kept unblemished, (2) being without concoction renders purchasers liberated from substances that may definitely bring about disease to an individual, and (3) it leaves soil liberated from buildup brought by synthetic compounds for the following yields to be planted. Since natural items are developed with the most normal methods conceivable, a large portion of the supplements items normally have are all around kept up. At the point when items experience a procedure, to draw out its timeframe of realistic usability and improve its flavor, before being offered to the market, it loses its supplements at one point. The main role of eating is to achieve supplements to support life. However, with the various procedure one could just envision that a ton of supplements are removed and depleted to squander. The procedures prevented food from securing his basic role. The second advantage of natural food is that there are no synthetic concoctions utilized in it that may have potential damage on the individuals. Since it was developed in the most common way, it didn't need to utilize synthetic substances to develop. These synthetics, in any event, when the produce or animals has been handled, it stays in its creation. At the point when individuals eat these sorts of food, they thusly assimilate these synthetic substances. Be that as it may, with natural food, the individuals are saved of this undertaking. They are additionally allowed the chance to live more. The third advantage, and most presumably one of the most significant, of natural food is fairly for the drawn out outcomes. At the point when synthetic concoctions are utilized to push produce to become quicker and greater, these are likewise consumed by the dirt. At the point when different harvests are planted in a similar territory, these will likewise retain the synthetic compounds. The dirt will keep on being defiled except if unused for a significant stretch of time. Then again, natural produce doesn't make utilize any sort of synthetic concoctions. The dirt will be sans contaminant. It similarly advances natural decent variety, as referenced by an article from the site Medical Wellness Association. A portion of the synthetic concoctions they open to nature hurts more than the bugs they need to expel. Non-Organic On the other hand, non-natural food additionally has its own advantages. This classification of food alludes to items, both yield and domesticated animals, which have been improved by logical advances. Its size, taste and amount has been changed with the goal that it is greater, more delicious, and that's just the beginning. Since these are improved items, it has been expected that these are likewise better. It isn't tied in with discovering methods for making a benefit. It is tied in with attempting to discover replies as man outperforms what seems to be. It isn't creation, however mediation. It was intended to essentially make more for the hungry. With the assistance of innovation, non-natural food is additionally ready to receive the accompanying rewards: (1) longer timeframe of realistic usability and better flavor, (2) it is moderately less expensive because of how it was created, and (3) it could be the response to world yearning. In specific pieces of the world, the atmosphere and innovation disallows a few people from having the option to store nourishment for an extensive stretch of time. Be that as it may, with the assistance of cutting edge innovation, they are given in excess of a chance. They were offered a response. Comparable to the improved flavor, maybe that is only an additional advantage to the capacity. With this progression, people can have a robust feast with simply opening a can or warming a pack in a microwave. It has gotten a matter of comfort. Since non-natural food is additionally delivered in incredible numbers, it turns out to be generally less expensive than natural food. The procedure is simpler and essentially takes a shorter time in assembling. With less expensive food, more individuals can buy them. Particularly in underdeveloped nations, benefiting food ought to have the option to fit into their day by day financial plan. In certain nations, where many individuals are near the precarious edge of extraordinary destitution, it is significant that they are given food with sensible costs. In this light, with the previously mentioned advantages of non-natural food, maybe it has become the response to world appetite. The world is getting over populated, and there is less nourishment for everybody. There is food emergency at the same time in various countries. What's more, starvation and dry season in specific nations even prohibited their kin to try and attempt to plant harvests or raise domesticated animals. Some are kicking the bucket as a result of appetite or ailments brought by it. But since there are harvests and domesticated animals that are effectively delivered in extraordinary numbers, it may be the case that they will have the option to at long last give a sparkle to the expectation of numerous ravenous individuals. Natural items in some cases take too long to even consider growing or produce that the pace of how populace increments isn't coordinated by the rate these harvests and domesticated animals develop. The Better Option After spreading out what every food classification can offer, one ought to have the option to discover which is better. Natural food is a characteristic item liberated from synthetic concoctions. It additionally permits the earth to deliver without the impacts from manufactured substances that could be possibly hurtful over the long haul. Then again, non-natural food has longer timeframe of realistic usability and better taste. It is likewise generally less expensive from the previous class. All the more critically, it quietly pronounces to answer world yearning. Lamentably, regardless of whether non-natural food presents a great deal of vows to the individuals and the economy, natural food is as yet the better alternative. Taking care of the individuals with non-natural food doesn't guarantee the expansion of their lives than when they go hungry. Maybe when they are taken care of, they will have the option to endure. In any case, they ought not rely upon it. At the point when the synthetic concoctions get amassed in their frameworks, it could result to terminal diseases, similar to malignancy. Indeed, the developing populace is being taken care of palatable sums. Be that as it may, what reason does it serve when more damage is finished? It hurts the individuals, yet in addition the earth. In any event, when the individuals get the chance to eat, if the earth gets harmed because of these synthetic concoctions and deposits, what will be left to the individuals? They are not eager, however the certainty of their decision will adapt, and afterward pulverization.

Essay Topics For Your College Paper

Essay Topics For Your College PaperChoosing essay topics for your 11th grade will be a difficult task for most students. It is not something you should rush, but it is very important to choose the right essay topic because if you select the wrong topic for your essay, it will not serve its purpose at all. To help you decide on the essay topics for your essay writing, below are some of the best essay topics you can choose from.A college essay is typically written on any topic that pertains to the student's major and/or program. Whether you want to write about history, literature, or even a science course, you will need to write about the current events that are happening in the world today. The subject matter is critical because it will determine the type of essay and will determine the focus of the essay.For instance, if you are writing about your student's participation in a class or organization, your topic must be on extracurricular activities. If the subject matter is on academic subject, you can use the subject as your starting point. You can also write an essay based on any one of these areas by just adding different elements to each subject.Writing a school paper will be done in the same way, you should begin by choosing a topic and then narrow down the possible topics until you have selected a few ideas. Your school may require you to write an essay that will address important issues such as the state of the school, the state budget, or even state of the economy. These topics are usually considered to be state of the school essays. State of the economy, the state of the school, or the state of the country generally all fall under the subject of the school essay.One of the best essay topics is to discuss your school's research or in other words the study that your school is currently doing. A good idea would be to read what is written about your school in various news articles and magazines. The article will give you a list of things that can be said abo ut your school, thus, making your topic a study about your school.Another one of the essay topics for a school essay that will be beneficial to many students is research related to your local environment. As an example, this could be about the largest dog park in your area, a local restaurant that serves the best Thai food, or what area in your city has the highest crime rate. You can also talk about any of these topics in a discussion paper that you submit to school events and projects.Writing an essay based on current events is a wise choice. It is not easy, but it is also a good way to make your school appearance as well as your subject. Although it is very popular in many schools, it is not very common.A lot of students can write a few different topic on their subjects. However, it will be better if you write on a couple of topics based on the same subject. This will make it easier for you as a writer and make you realize that essay topics are best suited for you.

The Rape and Murder of Sarah Goode

In the summer of 2014, petite, 21-year-old Long Island mother and medical technician Sarah P. Goode disappeared. Her partially decomposed body was found in a wooded area about a week later. The resulting autopsy and criminal investigation revealed Goode had been brutally raped and stabbed to death by a man whose sexual advances she had earlier rejected at a party.   Search for the Missing Mom On June 8, 2014, Goodes family called Suffolk County police Sunday to report her missing. She had not been seen for two days. The family began passing out fliers and neighbors pitched in to search. The next day, Goodes gray 1999 BMW was found parked in a wooded area in Medford, not far from the home Goode shared with her mother and 4-year-old daughter. Although the car had not been broken into, police said it was found under suspicious circumstances. Suffolk County Detective Michael Fitzharris would not comment on those circumstances, nor did he reveal whether or not Goodes personal belongings had been found in the car. This is a 21-year-old gainfully employed Long Island girl. Everyone has to have their vehicle out here, Fitzharris told reporters. For her family to not see her for a few days †¦ we take that very seriously. It was later learned that police had discovered clumps of hair and blood inside the vehicle. Using K-9 units, police swept the wooded area where Goodes car had been found. On June 12, 2014, almost a week after shed vanished, a group of searchers found her body in the woods within a mile of the site where  her  abandoned car had turned up the day after shed been reported missing.   Killer Charged   On July 12, 2014, Dante Taylor, a 19-year-old former Marine from Mastic, Long Island, whose advances Goode rejected at a party theyd both attended was arrested in connection with her murder. A bloody handprint in Goodes car and text messages between him and Goode on the night she went missing linked Taylor to the murder. Taylor was arrested but later released after it was learned that police had taken fingerprints, DNA, and cellphone evidence without probable cause and had questioned him without reading him his rights. He was arrested again a month later on unrelated charges in Vero Beach, Florida, and extradited for trial. Taylor was arraigned on murder charges in a Central Islip courtroom. As prosecutor Janet Albertson described the events surrounding Goodes death, about 50 of her family members were present in court, some responding to the horrific details in vocal anguish, others in verbal taunts. Goodes brother-in-law was removed from the courtroom. Albertson described the gory scene police found inside of Goodes blood-soaked car. She went on to present evidence that Taylor had brutally raped Goode and had subsequently beaten her so badly with a sharp metal object that a piece of metal had been found embedded in her skull. Goode had been stabbed more than 40 times. After she was dead, Taylor dumped Goodes body, nude from the waist down, in the woods. Police and Prosecutorial Misconduct Tarnish Conviction During the trial, the prosecution was sanctioned by state Supreme Court Justice John Collins for withholding evidence from the defense that included a series of Crime Stoppers tips pointing to other potential suspects. It was also learned that police destroyed a threatening message from a boyfriend with whom Goode had recently split up. Nevertheless, Taylor was found guilty of first- and second-degree murder, and attempted rape in the first degree in the death of Sarah Goode and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Convicted Killer Dies in Prison On October 2017, the 22-year-old convicted killer was found dead at the Wende Correctional Facility near Buffalo, New York, where he was serving his life sentence. Goodes family responded to the news with a Facebook post, which read:   â€Å"The monster who so violently ended Sarah’s young life will no longer breathe another breath, will no longer see another day, will no longer have the privilege of living a life—something he made certain she could not do. Sarah’s beauty is eternal. Her laugh is unforgettable. Her memories are carved in the hearts of all whom she met.† However, Taylors trial attorney, John Lewis Jr., insisted that his clients conviction was a travesty and a perversion of justice, stating: â€Å"It’s a tragedy. His death is just another injustice in a string of injustices. I just hope someone is held accountable for his death. Now Suffolk County will not be held accountable for the injustices it committed in getting his conviction.† Sources Landau, Joel. Long Island Police Searching for Missing 21-Year-Old Mother of 4-Year-Old Girl. New York Daily News, June 9, 2014 Tracy, Thomas. Body Found in Long Island Woods Is the Missing Mom of 4-Year-Old Daughter. New York Daily News, June 13, 2014Nolan, Caitlin and Brown, Stephen Rex. Family of Murdered Long Island Mom Weep, Shout as Accused Killer Appears in Court.  New York Daily News, July 14, 2014Fuller, Nicole and Smith, Andrew. Dante Taylor, Convicted Killer, Dies in Prison, Officials Say. Newsday, October 9, 2017

The Relationship Between The Lover And The Beloved

For heterosexuality, there’s a difference between the drive for feeling of affection, which we can call it love, and desire for physical pleasure and arousal, which we can name it libido, or sex. Thus, sometimes, these two aspects can be connected and combined, yet they can also be totally separated. The line between love and sex in the relationship of loving people often gets blurred and it’s hard to tell the hierarchy of them. For Homosexuality, the debate over love or libido also happens. For all the readings, Freud’s â€Å"Three Essays on The Theory of Sexuality†, Mann’s â€Å"Death in Venice†, Socrates’ â€Å"Symposium†, the movie â€Å"Kinsey† and Foucault’s â€Å"The Perverse Implantation†, there’s always the discussion on homosexuality. I can get a†¦show more content†¦Thus, the â€Å"true beauty (53)† of same sex love, according to Socrates, should be the mental knowledge inst ead of the appearance, body or clothe. Clearly, Socrates differentiates the emotion or mental level of love and pleasure or desire of libido in the same sex relationship, preferring the more meaningful side: the mental one. Yet the situation in â€Å"Death in Venice† by Mann gets more complicated since the line between mental love and physical libido is somewhat blurred in terms of the relationship between the lover and the beloved. Aschenbach, the poor, old, enchanted writer who took a visit to Venice, was enchanted by the Polish, sick yet beautiful boy Tazdio. There are some physical desires or libido drives inside Aschenbach’ deep mind when he firstly came to Venice and even after he madly fell in love with Tazdio. The description for Aschenbach’s mysterious illusion, â€Å"There were trees, mis-shapen as a dream, that dropped their naked roots straight through the air into the ground or into water that was stagnant and shadowy and glassy-green, where mammoth milk white blossoms floated... (6)† shows some hints. By using words like â€Å"naked†, â€Å"straight through the air†, â€Å"blossom†, it inexplicitly implies the sexual desire or physical drive of Aschenbach under the repression from the younger childhood and the overwhelming requirement of masculinity in the work field. Even later when he heard about the disease in Venice, he stillShow MoreRelatedEssay on Why we Should Love the Non Lover713 Words   |  3 PagesWhy we Should Love the Non Lover Loving happens as natural as the rising of the sun. At some point in our lives, we all profess to love someone or something. For as long as the word and notion of love has existed, there have been innumerable attempts to explain just what love is and whom we should or should not love. Even the Bible, commands its believers to love their neighbors, family, friends, and enemies as they love themselves. The Phaedrus, one of Platos greatest dialogues delvesRead More The Function of Desire in Relationships Between a Man and a Youth1642 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent types of sexual relationships were an important part of Athenian culture, and many rules and traditions formed around these relationships based on the mores of society. The male citizens were considered the most important segment of the population, and many Greek writers address the cultural conventions, ideals, and beliefs that formed around these relationships. The three main types of sexual relationships that involved a male citizen are marriage, the relationship between a young man and anRead MorePhilosophy of love and sex-Nozik Dworkin1616 Words   |  7 Pagestwo individuals sharing a single identity: in other words, what Nozick calls love’s bond and Dworkin calls communion. Where Nozick and Dworkin differ is over the value of the pursuit of this identity by lovers. How do Dworkin and Nozick feel about the pursuits of romantic identification by a lover and should this pursuit be unrequited? In Love’s Bond by Nozick and Communion by Dworkin, we see that while Nozick would question the value of unrequited love where only one gets their needs met, DworkinRead MoreEssay about Courtly Love1043 Words   |  5 Pageswhich prescribed the conduct between a lady and her lover (Britannica). The relationship of courtly love was very much like the feudal relationship between a knight and his liege. The lover serves his beloved, in the manner a servant would. He owes his devotion and allegiance to her, and she inspires him to perform noble acts of valor (Schwartz). Capellanus writes, in The Art of Courtly Love, â€Å"A true lover considers nothing good except what he thinks will please his beloved†. The stories of Marie deRead MoreThe Flea By John Donne Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesdescriptive, and can be interpreted in many ways. First, it is important to look at the physical parts of a poem. Donne’s â€Å"The Flea†is comprised of three stanzas, and twenty-seven lines total. The poem talks about a lover and a beloved, and how the love that the lover feels is requited by the beloved. This poem differs from sonnets in the way that the love in a sonnet is unrequited, but the love in this poem is requited, as was talked about in class. In the first stanza, there are nine lines, and each lineRead MoreLove Styles of Antony and Cleopatra and Romeo and Juliet1701 Words   |  7 Pagesof Shakespeare’s works is love and tumultuous relationships. It is not a difficult task to attempt to analyze the relationships of his protagonists. Many of his characters would fit into at least one of the â€Å"love-styles† presented by John Alan Lee. There are many different types of relationships and John Alan Lee aims to categorize them, or breaking them down into â€Å"different colors,† (L ee, 40). The love-styles can be applied to many relationships such as those in the works of Shakespeare. TheRead MoreThe Odyssey, By Plato And The Triumph Of Odysseus1517 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"would never have understood the distinction we set between homosexual and heterosexual behavior† (Cantarella, 8). Although the gender of one’s partner was considered irrelevant, that is not to say same-sex relationships were outside the bounds of social rule. On the contrary, there was a â€Å"very precise set of social rules, linked to the age and the status of the people involved.† (Cantarella, 8-9) There is any number of motivations for taking a lover beside the prospect of marriage and family. InRead MoreA Valediction Forbidding Mourning: Lyric Poem1324 Words   |  6 Pagessigh-tempests (line 6) when they say farewell. Such base sentimentality would cheapen their relationship. He also compares himself and his wife to celestial spheres, for their love is so profound that it exists in a higher plane than the love of husbands and wives whose relationship centers solely on physical pleasures where they require to remain together, physically...Finally, Donne compares his relationship with his wife to that of the two legs of a drawing compass. Although the legs are separateRead MoreRomantic Love : My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing Like The Sun ``1204 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen given many types to it, and one of them is romantic love. Romantic love is defined in several ways based on the social and cultural contexts. However, it is conventionally defined as â€Å"a powerful feeling of emotional infatuation and attachment between intimate partners† (Diamond, 117). Although, there are still debates and researches going on to find a more precise idea of it. Regardless of this ambiguity, in interpretation, the prevalence of romantic love in literature is quite evident. It hasRead MoreThe Beauty of Shakespeares Sonnets1350 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, not many books or songs describe the true value of human relationships. Most popular songs and books are all about partying and doing things that make us forget about morals. However, if you were to read some of Shakespeares sonnets, you would find that human relationships are very much valued. By showing that friendship can mend a persons sorrows, that love could and should be immortalized, and that marriage between two individuals can be strong and true, Shakespeares sonnets 55

Essay on Promote Person-Centred Approaches in Health and...

Explain how and why person-centred values must influence all aspects of health and social care work There is no doubt that person-centred care values must influence all aspects of health and social care work. Health and social care should be based on person-centred values, and should be individualised as this is a law requirement (Human Rights Act 1998, Health and Social care Act 2012, Codes of practice for Social Care Workers, etc). If person-centre values that underpin all work in the health and social care sector are followed as they should be then all individuals should feel that and health and social workers ensure that: †¢ the individual is supported in accessing their rights †¢ the individual is treated has an individual †¢ the†¦show more content†¦Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established Consent should be obtained before carrying out any form of care or activity with any individual; if consent cannot be obtained then any form of care etc should not be carried out. If consent cannot be readily established and patient presents in an emergency situation, is unconscious, mentally incapable, and with no family available, and no advanced directive in place, it is considered reasonable to treat the patient. It is assumed that under these conditions, the patient would consent to treat. If there is a language barrier, and the patient is otherwise capable of giving consent, a reasonable effort must be made to find an interpreter, which includes using the ones through the phone companies. If the patients life is in danger, and there is nobody who can communicate with them, then with careful documentation, treatment can be delivered. Describe different ways of applying active participation to meet individuals needs You can implement active participation for an activity with an individual by following these steps: †¢ Break the task into small parts and let the individual do whatever they can, for example, if you load the washing machine you can guide them to select the right programme and switch it on. †¢ Dont overwhelm the individual with information while they are concentrating. 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The principles focusRead MoreAssignment 207 Understand person centred approaches in adult social care settings1508 Words   |  7 Pages Assignment 207 Understand person centred approaches in adult social care settings Task A Information leaflet Create an information leaflet about person-centred care, aimed at individuals who use the service and their families. The leaflet must include: Ai A definition of person-centred values Person centred values are treating people as individuals, supporting their choices, treating them with dignity and respect, working in partnership with people rather than trying to control them. 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These values are: * Dignity- supporting individuals to maintain emotional control and supporting individuals with sensitive situations. * Respect- recognising an individual’s sense of worth and importance to others. * Privacy- making sure individuals rights is maintained. * Individuality- recognising an individual as an individual. Read MoreUnit 207 Understand Person Centred Approaches Essays2506 Words   |  11 Pages Understand person centred approaches in adult social care settings. Outcome 1 Understand person centred approaches for care and support. 1.1 Define Person centred values. Person centred values means the people whom we support are treated as equals and are involved in all aspects and areas of their care and that they are respected and valued as individuals. This means being involved in their assessments, care delivery and support planning, basically person centred values is making sureRead MorePreferences, Preferences, Wishess And Needs1251 Words   |  6 Pages2. Be able to lead a person-centred practice 2.1 Support others to work with individuals to establish their history, preferences, wishes and needs Individuals should be as involved as much as possible in the decision making process regarding the organisations and disciplines they require to ensure that the contributions to their care package are appropriate and required. If everyone works from the same information and the individuals needs and preferences are at the centre of the information allRead MorePerson Centred Care : Report For The Nsw Minister For Health Essay1901 Words   |  8 PagesPerson-Centred Care: Report for the NSW Minister for Health INTRODUCTION Australians continue to experience health comparable to those of other developed countries. According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW] (2016) the life expectancy of Australians at birth remains one of the highest in the world. Furthermore, death rates are decreasing and survival rates are improving for many major health issues such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases (AIHW, 2016). Yet, the AustralianRead MoreLevel 3 Diploma In Health And Social Care Docx Assignment Brief1808 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Level 3 Diploma in Health and Social Care (Adults) for England (QCF) All Mandatory Units Knowledge and Performance Criteria Unit 1: Promote Communication in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings Unit code: SHC 31 1.1 Identify the different reasons people communicate 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting 2.1 Demonstrate how to establish the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals 2.2 Describe

Business Communication Essay Example For Students

Business Communication Essay Introduction: All day we are communicating – whether it is talking to people on the telephone or in person, talking dictation and transcribing business correspondence, liaising with colleagues and staff, writing letters, faxes, reports and e-mails. For attaining success in our practical life we must develop and enhance our communication skills. Meaning of Communication: Simply communication means sending and receiving a message. But this definition does not give us the real meaning about what communication is. Broadly, for better understand communication can be defined as a process of giving, receiving or exchanging information, opinions or ideas by writing, speech or visual means, so that the message communicated is completely understood by the recipients. Different scholars defined communication in different ways. Some mentionable scholar’s definition is given below; Communication is a dynamic, ever-changing, unending process by which people transmit information and feelings to others†. (Barker) â€Å"Communication is the field of knowledge which deals with the systematic application of symbols to acquire common information regarding an object or event†. (Kelly) â€Å"Communication is the process of transmitting meanings, ideas, and understanding of a person or a group to another person or group†. Megginson) In the light of above definition we can define communication as a task o f sending and receiving information, opinions, or ideas sometimes through verbal means (words spoken or written) and sometimes through non-verbal means (such as facial expression, gestures and voice qualities) or any combination of both verbal and non-verbal means so that the message communicated is received and understood by the recipients. Business Communication: Communication which deals with business activities is called business communication. In a wider sense, business communication is the transmission and accurate imitation of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of accomplishing organizational goals. Some scholars have given the following definitions regarding business communication; â€Å"Business communication is the ingredient that makes organization possible. It is the vehicle through which the basic management functions are carried out’. (LesikarPttit) â€Å"The exchange of ideas, news, and views in connection with the business among the related parties is called business communication†. W. H. Meaning) Therefore, business communication is the process of transmitting data, information, ideas, thoughts or opinions from one person to another person for attaining organizational objectives. Nature of communication: The term ‘communication’ stems from the Latin word â€Å"communis† which means common. However communication includes in addition to commonalty, the concepts of transmi ssion, meaning and information. When all these features are combined, communication takes a precise shape in the form of transmission of commonly meaningful information. This transmission involves a process of sending and receiving message. The process that communication involves is complicated because of its variety with the people, positions and situations. However it involves the following sequence of events: ideation, encoding, transmission through a channel. Communication is a dynamic process. Person engaged in communication often send and receive messages simultaneously. While you are receiving a message, you may at the same time be sending a new message to the original sender. To occur communication there must be three basic elements of communication. These are transmitting information by a person, receiving information by another person and meaningfulness of the received information. So mere sending and receiving a message is not adequate to constitute communication. Scope of communication: Communication is so inevitable in our lives from birth to death that it would be impossible to manage human behaviors and attitudes without it. Communication is an ever present activity in our lives. The scope of communication may be varying with the nature and size of the organization. However a brief description is given below regarding the scope of communication:- . Business functioning: For the proper functioning of business works every employee involved with the organization must have information to do his/her job. And communication conveys this information. 2. Decision making: Every organization needs to take decision in the field of production, distribution and other related fields for achieving the target. And communication plays vital role in decision making by supplying required information. 3. Implementation of plan: For the implementation of the plan properly it is necessary to direct, coordinate and control the activities of the stuff. And communication aids in these functions. 4. Industry: Communication supplies required information regarding the human resources and other resources essential for the production. 5. Distribution and marketing: To make the production effective, it must be to the use of the people. And communication through advertisement and salesmanship makes the people aware of the necessity of the goods. 6. Foreign trade: To deal with foreign trade; enquiring goods, insuring goods, making contract of foreign afreightment and so on are to be performed. These are all subjects of communicatio 7. Domestic and foreign investment: Investors of both home and abroad are contacted and motivated through communication to invest their money in industry and commerce. 8. Others: Communication is also inevitable in the field of industrial relations, transporting, warehousing, banking, social responsibilities, and public relations Functions of Communication: The main theme of communication is the exchange of meaningful information between two or more persons. Analysis of this definition indicates that communication performs several functions. These are summed up below; 1. Conveying message: The first and foremost function of communication is to convey a message to another person. 2. Furnishing data: Communication provides all necessary data for making the organizational plan and carries out orders and instructions for the implementation of the plan. 3. Regulating human behavior: Communication may be termed as the traffic light of an organization as it regulates human behavior to start work, to continue work and to stop work. 4. Aiding decision making: For the proper functioning of organization management has to take many decisions and communication helps management in this regard by supplying relevant information. 5. Facilitating coordination: For the achievement of organizational goals coordination among the various activities of different departments is indispensable. And by exchanging ideas and information communication facilitates coordination. 6. Facilitating social contact: Communication plays a vital role in establishing a social contact. 7. Motivating: Communication influences others to accomplish goals in a work setting. In this regard communication acts as a stimulus. 8. Controlling: Control clarifies duties, authorities and responsibilities of employees. Without adequate communication, the controlling function in an organization is not possible. 9. Publishing goods and services: Communication helps to sell more goods and thereby earn more profits by publicizing organization’s goods and services. 10. 11. Maintaining human relation with others: Internal communication is needed for efficient administration. But external communication is equally or more important for survival, growth and expansion of an organization. Communication maintain good relation both internal parties and external parties. So, it is seen that each and every activity of business involves communication. Communication helps to perform internal and external activities of a business. Therefore it acts as a life line for a business. Objectives of business Communication: The objectives of business communication are wide and large. Information, order, persuasion, warning, motivation, advice and raising morale are activated through the means of communication. The objectives of communication are stated below: 1. To exchange information: The prime objective of communication is to exchange information internally and externally i. e. to deal within the organization and outside the organization. 2. To achieve goal: The goal of the organization can be obtained through effective organizational communication. Every person tries to obtain such goal and therefore it requires effective communication. 3. To plan: Planning decides what is to be done in future. All the information and data which are required to make a plan for business can be obtained or gathered through communication. 4. Enhancement of employee skill: skilled and efficient employees are considered assets to the organization. Enhancing employee’s skill is one of the important purposes of communication. 5. Formulation and execution plans: Communication facilitates formulation and execution of plans through providing necessary data. 6. Direction to the subordinates: For better job performance, subordinates require specific instructions and orders from their respective boss. Communication is directed to this end. 7. Facilitating joint efforts: Management alone is helpless to achieve its goals. It requires cooperation of employees for the purpose. And communication facilitates joint effort between management and employees. 8. To facilitate direction and motivation: The boss gives direction or order to his subordinate. And managers need to motivate their employees to increase the concentration and productivity. Hence communication helps to facilitate direction and motivation. 9. To increase job satisfaction: Job satisfaction requires better job environment and better job environment is possible if there exists communication chain. Strong chain helps to overcome job related stress. 0. Maintenance of good labor relations: Good management labour relation is a prerequisite for achieving target results. By exchanging information between management and labor communication helps to maintain good labour relation. 11. To attract customers: To knock the door of potential customers with new product and service of an enterprise, there should exist an efficient communication. So better c ommunication will cause more customers and more customers will cause more profit. 12. Publicity: Every organization tries to expand their market by defeating competitors. Communication helps to attain this purpose by advertising. 13. Others: Besides these educating workers, changing future plan, obtaining overall development, managing human resources etc are also important objectives of communication. A communication is adapted to the needs and interests of the receiver in order to causes the receiver to react in a manner that accomplishes the purpose of the sender. Importance of Communication in Modern Business: Communication is extensively used in all stages of modern society. To be successful in today’s business world good communication is essential. The importance of communication in business may be stated as follows; 1) Achievement of goal: For achieving target results combined and cooperative efforts of every employee of the organization is must. Communication makes this task possible through encouraging employee commitment to organizational goals. 2) Provision for data for decision making: It helps the manager to obtain data for decision making to assist in searching problem and to know what actions are needed. 3) Smooth and efficient functioning: Communication helps in all managerial functions such as planning, organizing, motivating, directing and controlling. ) Delegation of authority and responsibility: Communication helps in decentralization of authority and delegation of responsibility to right person. 5) Increase in managerial competence: It helps to improve managerial competence and efficiency. As we know managers use various techniques or tools to command or control over resources. 6) Minimization of cost and time: E fficient communication attempts to minimize time and cost in case of exchange of information. If any message is required to be communicated to thousands of people then we have to think about Newspaper, Television or Radio which are strong media for ommunication. 7) Promotion of employee efficiency: Employees can know details of their duties, responsibilities and good methods of job performance well in advance through communication. Thus Communication helps in improving employee’s efficiency. 8) Proving job satisfaction: Several research findings indicate that employee dissatisfaction has an adverse effect on job performance. Sound communication helps to remove employee’s dissatisfaction and provide employees with satisfaction of individual and social needs. 9) Market research: The modern business world is very complex and competitive. In these environments, business organizations must be constantly well informed of the competitor’s latest position and strategy, customer’s attitude and tastes, market nature and magnitude etc. Communication can help management to conduct market research and thereafter to take appropriate steps. 10) Developing of mutual understanding and cooperation: For development of mutual understanding and cooperation among various persons or parties of the organization communication plays and immense role through interchange of feelings, thoughts etc. 11) Creation of successful leadership: Communication acts as the basis of leadership. If a leader and his followers can avail themselves of the frequent communication opportunity for free discussion for the matters of their mutual interests; weakness; sympathies and loyalties to the leader will increase. 12) Elimination of ramous: If the communication system is non-existent or faulty, rumors, grapevine inaccuracies, suspicion and unrest will prevail among the employees. 13) Development of relations: A congenial work environment is highly desirable for proper functioning. Communication can facilitate this by developing labour relations, union relations and communal relations 4) Discharge social responsibilities: Side by side with the profit making motive, modern organizations are also discharging some social responsibilities. They provide society with qualitative goods and services; solve unemployment problems, participating in philanthropic activities etc. Rendering these services to society depends of good external communication. Thus we find that communication plays important roles in the discharge of different activities of business organization. It is as important to an organization as blood to a human body. Principles of communication: In order to make business letter, memoranda, reports, representations and other forms of communication effective, some certain principles should be followed. The following principles are important for making communication effective; 1. Principles of clarity: The communication cycle begins with the generation of an idea in the mind of the transmitter. A great deal of clarity is needed at this stage. At the time of writing a message to anyone it should be keep in mind that the words used in the message is understandable and suitable for the receiver. 2. Principles of simplicity: Communication is an art. So a communicator should have the quality to present messages to the receiver in a simple language. Unnecessary jargon should be avoided. 3. Principles of completeness: In business communication completeness of facts is absolutely important. Incomplete communication irritates the reader for it leaves him baffled. Communication must include all the relevant facts-size, color, catalogue number, quantity, mode of payment, mode of dispatch, the date by which you need the information etc. 4. Principles of conciseness: A reader time is valuable. Don’t make him feel that he is wasting his time in going through your unnecessary lengthy letter; So keep your sentences concise. This means you say exactly what you need to say in a few words if possible. But this does not mean shortness in the literal sense. 5. Principles of courtesy: In business we must create friendliness with all those to whom we write. Friendliness is inseparable from courtesy. And courtesy demands a considerate and friendly behavior towards others. 6. Principles of consideration: Show reader centered attitude. Stress what the receiver wants to know. Also emphasize how the receiver will be benefited. . Principles of unity: Try to achieve unity in the sentence. Unity means oneness. This means all parts of a sentence should concern one thought. 8. Principles of mutual trust: Mutual trust between the parties involved in communication, is an important prerequisite for good communication. In the absence of mutual trust the real purpose of communication may no t be achieved. Therefore communicating should be base d on the principles of mutual trust. 9. Use of informal communication: With the application of formal communication, informal communication should also be used simultaneously. This is because informal communication acts as complement to the formal communication. 10. Principles of consistency: Messages sent at diffract times should be consistent with each other. Moreover, it must have consistency with the objectives and activities of the organization. The above principles will have charming effect on communication if they are observed rightly. Barriers to Communication: Communication is a way of exchanging message, information or emotions between sender and receiver. Any problem, interference or hindrances to the process of communication is defined as the barriers to communication. Many problems are encountered in our business and personal lives result from miscommunication. Generally following barriers exists between sender and recipient or a message becoming distorted: 1. Non-verbal signals: Non-verbal signals, often referred to as body language can provide valuable feedback where verbal communication is concerned. Such signals include facial expressions, gestures, movement, eye contact and nodding head. 2. Language: Choice of words is vital to the effectiveness of any communication. Many words have different meanings. Our background knowledge and experience affect our understanding. Foreign languages, dialects, regional accents and the use of technical/specialist language should always be considered. 3. Lack of concentration: Careful concentration is demanded if a communication is to be understood. Success at gaining attention may depend on the words used, the way communication is expressed, our interest in the speaker, our interest in the communication and various other factors. 4. Pre-judgment: What is understood is often conditioned by what we already know and by our background knowledge and experience. Often we hear what we want to hear, or what we think we have heard, instead of what has actually been said. . Relationships: The effectiveness of any communication may depend on our relationship with the person giving the message. If relationships between people are not good, communication may fail to be effective or may break down altogether. 6. Emotional responses: Communication cannot succeed if a person is highly emotional about the topic concerned. Proble ms may arise from insecurity, fear, anger etc. If emotions are high on the part of the sender or recipient, then it would be better to wait for a while before trying to put the message across. 7. Others: Apart from the barriers to communication already discussed there are so many barriers to communication such as; complex organizational structure, lack of policies, wrong explanation, fear, cultural difference, facial expressions, individual differences, negotiation methods, noise etc. Overcoming barriers to communication: Against various barriers to communication following measures should be taken to overcome these barriers: 1. Efficient management system: Efficient communication system in an organization depends on the management efficiency. So management should be efficient enough to make its communication system up to date. . Selection of right media: The media for communication should be selected according to the organizational environment, size and importance of the message, position of receiver and other relevant aspects. Wrong selection of media will obviously cause miscommunication. 3. Feedback: For effective communication we must ensure feedback from receiver. Withou t feedback the communication process remains incomplete. 4. Idea about the receiver: Sender should have better ideas regarding the thought, feeling, and opinion of receiver of the message. Such ideas will help the sender to make a fruitful communication. 5. Attentive listening: To make effective communication, both sender and receiver should be attentive listener from their respective position. 6. Use of simple and meaningful words: Communication must avoid vague words and use simple words which are meaningful in the mind of receiver. 7. Informal relations: Before making any formal communication, informal relation can play a vital role to make communication effective. 8. Consistency between word and work: If the work is according to word then communication becomes effective and fruitful. 9. Communication audit: Communication audit acts as a fruitful method to improve communication. Wastewater Treatment EssayWhen some people informally exchange their opinions among them in any place and at any time, it is conversation. (2) Interview: Talking or discussions a predetermined subject between an interviewer and an interviewee is eagles an interview. (3) Group discussion: Through this system of communication, an aide is exchanged through the discussion of a group of people. It may also be termed a committee meeting. (4) Meeting: Meeting is the assembly of some people in a common place to discuss any matter. In meeting, participants discuss the selected matter and lastly take decision on consensus. Meeting may be various types such as, board meeting, annual general meeting statutory meeting. (5)Conference: Conference is very commonly used media of oral communication. It is arranged to discuss any important issue with the interested people on that issue. There are various types of conferences like, press conference, workers conference, political conference and so an. (6) Dias speech: Now-a-days Business leaders arrange dais speech to inform any matter to the general people. (7) Party Program: Sometimes various types of parties are arranged to discuses opinion, exchanging greeting feelings, idea wishes and etc. uch as, tea party, launch party, dinner party, birthday party etc. (8) Lectures: Lecture is one of the effective media of oral communication. This method is used to communicate with the trainees and students. (9) Others: Others mean Advisory board, Training course, special prize giving ceremony and so on. ( B ) Mechanical or electronic media of oral communication: Various types of machines or technologies are used to exchange information in oral communication; ideas, feelings and opinions views between sender and receiver. Now below the discuses of widely used mechanical media of oral communication: . Telephone: Telephone is the most common and widely used mechanical media of oral communication. Now-a-day, without telephone we cannot think of conducting business information. In the past, fixed line telephone was used but in modern time cell phones are more commonly used. 2. Television: Television is also an important media of oral communication television is not also more effective media of oral communication in business but also in social life. 3. Radio: Radio is an important media of oral communication. Radio transmits important news for general people. 4. Video-conference: Video-conference is the latest electronic technologies of oral communication. Video confirming is the exchange of message between individuals or groups of people who are geographically dispersed. In video-conference, the participater not only hears but also sees each other. It is a very expressive media of oral communication. PRINCIPLES/GUIDELINES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION To make oral communication successful, communications should follow some basic principles or guidelines or essentials. The principles to be followed in oral communication are as follows: ) Taking preparation: The communicator should take necessary preparation before delivering the speech. Here preparation means thinking, analyzing and planning the message to be delivered. 2) Preparing a draft of the speech: The communicator should make a draft copy of the speech. The make the speech attractive, the speaker can practice the draft copy at home. 3) Using simple words: In oral communication the speaker sh ould use simple and familiar words. Because of simple and familiar words can easily attract the interest of the listeners. We should avoid confusion words. ) Clear pronunciation: To make the speech attractive and effective the speaker should have some skills. Oral communication depends on clear pronunciation. 5) Speaking slowly: Slow speaking is very effective for clear understanding if the speaker speaks very rapidly, the listeners may fail to follow him. The speaker should slow speaking for making the message understandable to the audience. 6) Control of voice: We know that oral communication means communicates others through spoken words. So voice is an important matter of oral communication. If the voice of the speaker not clear, than the message is not understandable for listeners. ) Attractive presentation: Attractive presentation is another important principle to make oral communication effective. A speaker should use very lucid language and sweet voice. So as to attract is t he receiver’s attention easily. 8) People’s concentration: Most people lose concentration after listening for a few minutes Before passing on to the next one to make the audience attentive by making a joke or comic so of tin. 9) Strong personality: Strong personality is another principle of oral communication. The presenter can draw the attention of his audiences by strong personality. Personality of the speaker depends on his courtesy, dresses, manner, and conversation style and so on. 10) Repeating key words: When the speaker speaks very rapidly and using less familiar words then the audiences may fail to understand the message clearly that time speaker should repeat the key words more than once. This helps the audiences to understand. 11) Courteous: Courtesy costs nothing but may present many things. So a speaker should be courteous while speaking with audiences. ADVANTAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION OR IMPORTANCE OF ORAL COMMUNICATION Nowadays oral communication provides a number of advantages or merits to it users. In Business, it is found that managers spend about 74 percent of their time in communication orally. In one survey 55 percent of executives sampled that their own written communication skills were poor so they prefer oral communication some of the major advantages of oral communication are described below: 1. Quick and Prompt transmission: Another primary advantage is that, oral communication is direct in nature. It ensures speedy and prompt transmission of message from the sender to the receiver. 2. Close contract: Oral communications are merits close contract between speaker and audiences. There can effectively communicate with each to other. 3. Time saving: Oral communication transmits messages instantly. Where it needs rapid action, it is best to send a message orally. They transmit a message through a telephone call. 4. Saving cost: when oral communication is done within the organization by means of face-to-face conversation, it certainly saves money. That time, it does not require to pay telephone, E-mail bills and to buy paper, pen or other stationeries. 5. Motivation: Senior Officers and sub ordinate staff can sit face to face and exchange their views directly. Such that they are motivates to their works. 6. Powerful means: Speech is considered to be more powerful means of persuasion and control. For this strength, most of the speaker prefers oral communication to written communication. 7. Quick feed back: Quick feed back is another important advantage of oral communication. The sender can get quick feed back and can provide further information to convey the message. 8. Friendly Relations: The informal nature of oral communication helps to promote friendly relations between communicator and communicate. 9. Creating understanding: It is impossible to achieve organization goals without understanding among the managers of the organization. It is more powerful than written communication. 10. Avoiding formalities: Oral communication does not maintain excessive formalities as written communication. The parties can exchange their information, wishes at their convenient time and place. It helps in avoiding excessive formalities. 11. Communication with illiterate persons: Oral communication is the best method of communication with illiterate people. The illiterate people cannot read and write. There fore, oral communication is only the way to exchange ideas, information, feeling, opinions etc. with them. 12. Special fields of use: Oral communication is only the best effective method of communication with groups at meeting, seminars and assemblies. DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION Through oral communication is the most widely used method of communication but it also suffers from certain drawbacks, which are described below; 1. No Record: In oral communication, messages are not preserved and hence they are no where to be found in the record book. Naturally, these messages cannot be referred back in the future. 2. Leakage of secret information: At the time of communicating with others orally, the communicator may carelessly express secret information in front of other outside party. This brings unpleasant consequences for the business. 3. Limited use: Oral communication is found suitable when messages are not lengthy. But if messages are voluminous, they are not suitable for oral transmission because of the likelihood of some important messages being missed. 4. Lack of understanding: In oral communication there is every possibility that the spoken words are not clearly heard or understood, therefore there is a change of misunderstanding. . Expensive: To transmit messages at a distant place, costly mechanical devices like telephone, television etc. are to be used. On the other hand, if conferences and meetings are held, then also expenses are to be incurred on entertainment. 6. Late Decision: It takes time to reach decisions. At the beginning stage, sometime is liked in the discussion of some p ersonal matters. Besides, some time is also wasted for irrelevant discussion. In this way decision making is delayed. 7. Confused speech: Sometimes a recover fail to understand the meaning of a message due to the stammering habit or indistinct pronunciation of the peaker. The purpose of communication becomes difficult to be achieved through such communication. 8. Time consuming: Sometimes oral communication becomes time consuming, especially in meeting and conferences where nothing comes out after long discussion. 9. Others: (I) Inaccuracy (ii) Distorted meaning (iii) No legal validity (iv) Problems in presentation (v) Emotion (vi) Less weight Under what circumstances oral communication is more effective: The nature of advantages emerging from oral communication makes it more effective (than written communication) in certain conditions. Under the following circumstances, oral communication plays more effective role than written communication. 1. Immediate Response: For effective communication feed back is a must. If any response needs to be known immediately it can be done better through oral communication. 2. Maintaining secrecy: Oral communication is best suited when information is to be kept secret. Written communication leaks secrecy as the message passes from hand to hand. 3. Illiterate receivers: When the receivers are illiterate, written communication is meaningless to them. Oral communication is only the way to communicate with them. . Oral Explanation: If any instruction or method of doing a work needs elaborate discussion, oral communication will best serve the purpose. 5. Value of Time: If sufficient time’s not available to exchange a message, oral communication will be best suited to exchanges views between the communicator and communicate within a short span of time. 6. Avoiding Bureaucratic Comp lexities: Bureaucratic Complexity delays the communication. In order to avoid any delay caused by bureaucracy or red-tapes, oral communicator should be used instead of written communication. 7. Direct Relations: Sometimes a communication wishes to contract directly with communicate. In that case, oral communication is more helpful. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Written communication is one kind of verbal communication. It means exchanging information in written words. Some popular definitions of written communication are given below: According to Bovee and others, â€Å"Written communication is the expression of ideas through words that are meant to be read. † According to M. Omar Ali, â€Å"A message communicated in written form is known as written communication. † Rajendra Pal and J. S. Korla said, â€Å"Everything that has to be written and transmitted in the written form fall in the area of written communication. † In final, it is said that the messages that are transmitted in written form are as the written communication. There have many types of written communication. This are- (1) Letter, (2) Memo (Memorandum), (3) Report, (4) Graphs/charts, (5) Staff newsletters, (6) E-mail , (7) Fax, (8) Form/Questionnaire, (9) Notice, (10) Minutes etc. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Characteristics of a good written communication are discussed below: ) Easy language: Easy language should be used in written communication . The sentences of written communication must be understandable to the reader. 2) Structure: Definite structure must be followed in drafting any written document. Every written form has its own structure. 3) Accurate and precise: A good written document must be accurate and precise. Written communication insists on greater accuracy and precision. 4) Direct speech: A Direct speech should be used in written communication. Indirect and passive sentences must be avoided. 5) Paragraph Design: A good written communication bears a paragraph design. Paragraphing is also important to clear communication. 6) Error less: A good written document must be free from error in both grammar and language. 7) You –Attitude: There must be you attitude in written communication. The reader can be impressed for this. Personal and organizational images: A good written communication bears the personal image of the written it also increases the organizational image as a whole. MEDLAS OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION The Medias of written communication can be classified as follows. ( A ) Medias of written communication for Management: 1) Special Management Bulletin: The bulletin which is issued for emergency atters related to management is called special management bulletin. This kind of bulletin must be published promptly. 2) Management News copy: The less important management issues are published in this news copy. Generally this news copy is published weekly. 3) Formal Management Report: Formal Management report is one the most important Medias o f written communication for management. It emphasizes the upward communication. 4) Officers’ Notebook/Handbook Sometimes high officials are given handbook of the company in which rules. Procedures, principles, work facilities are stated. It acts as a guide of the officer. ) Publications: Some organizations publish special journals/ publications for the high level officer. It provides officers information about lost-reduces, safety system, decreases, of accident, improvement of quality etc. ( B ) Medias of written communication for Employees: 1. Bulletin for Employees: Bulletin is published to inform the employees of emergency and important matters within a very short time. Generally it is hanged on a notice board. 2. Newspaper: Newspaper is a wide used media to communicate with employees. Companies planning Policy, procedure objectives, problems are published in it to inform the employees. Generally it is published weekly. 3. Publication of Monthly Paper: Some large companies publish it to inform everything to the employees. Company’s role and plan are also stated here. 4. Letters: Letter is one of the most important Medias of written communication for employees. Sometimes the higher authority sends letter to the employees without asking any response. 5. Employee’s Notebook: Sometimes the management supplies notebook to the employees in which speech of executives, history of the organization. Planning, policy, order to the work are stated. 6. Reading Rack: Necessary books for the employees can be arranged in the shelf so that they can read and get knowledge. 7. Notice: Notice is an important media to communicate with employees. By which the employees are invited to attend a special meeting. 8. Internal Circular: It is one of the most important Medias of written communication. It is used for internal communication. When all the employees are informed at a time internal circular is used. 9. Daily Newspaper: Daily newspaper is used to warn the employees due to long absence from the organization. Sometime it is used as a precious notice before termination. 10. Complain Book: A complain book can be kept in a definite place so that the employees can write their complaints in it. 11. Memo: Memo is a popular media of internal written communication. Memo is a short form of letter usually used to communicate with the employees of the same organization etc. 12. Other Medias: i) Salary Envelope ii) Annual Financial Reports/Statements iii) note Sheet iv) Question Box v) Essay Competition etc. ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION There are some advantages of written communication. They are discussed below: 1) Easy to Preserve: The documents of written communication are easy to preserve. Oral and Non-verbal communication cannot be preserve. If it is needed, important information can be collected from the preserved documents. 2) Easy presentation of complex matter: Written communication is the best way to represent any complex matter easily and attractively. 3) Easy to Verify: The information and messages that are preserved can be verified easily. If there arises any misunderstanding, any party can easily verify the information. 4) Prevention of wastage of time and money: written communication prevents the wastage of money and time. Without meeting with each other the communicator and communicate can exchange their views. ) Accurate Presentation: Through the documents of written communication top executive can present the information more accurately and clearly. As it is a legal document everybody takes much care to draft it. 6) Uses as reference: If it is needed, written communication can be used as future reference. 7) Delegation of authority: Written communication can help the authority to delegate the power and authority to the subordinate. It is quite impossible to delegate power without a written document. 8) Longevity: Written document can be preserved for a long time easily. That is why; all the important issues of an organization should be black and white. 9) Effective communication: Written communication helps to make communication effective. It is more dependable and effective than those of other forms of communication. 10) Maintaining image: Written communication helps to maintain the images of both the person and the organization. It also protects the images of the company/organization. 11) Proper information: It is a proper and complete communication system. There is no opportunity to include any unnecessary information in a written document. 2) Less distortion possibility: In this communication system information is recorded permanently. So there is less possibility of distortion and alteration of the information. 13) No opportunity to misinterpret: there is any opportunity to misinterpret the information/messages of written communication. 14) Controlling tool: Written communication can help to control the organizational activity. The written docu ment may be used as a tool of controlling. DISADVANTAGES/LIMITATIONS OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION The limitations and disadvantages of written communication are given below: ) Expensive: Written communication is comparatively expensive. For these communication paper pen, ink, type writer celestial machine, computer and a large number of employees are needed. 2) Time consuming: Written communication takes too to communicate with others. It is a time consuming media. It costs the valuable time of the both the writer and the reader. 3) Red-Taoism: Red-Taoism is one of the most disadvantages of written communication. It means to take time for approval of a project. 4) Useless for illiterate person: It messages receiver is illiterate, written communication is quite impossible. This is the major disadvantage of written communication 5) Difficult to maintain secrecy: It is an unexpected media to keep business secrecy. Secrecy is not always possible to maintain through written communication because it needs to discuss everything in black and white. 6) Lack of flexibility: Lack of flexibility is one of the most important limitations of written communication because written document can not be changed easily. 7) Delay in response: It takes much time to get response from the message receiver; prompt response is not possible in case of written communication that is p